Bee biology

When the queen's pheromone output drops, workers build replacement cells mid-comb. Sometimes the old queen survives. Sometimes mother and daughter coexist.

A 1934 calculation said bumblebees shouldn't fly. The math assumed fixed wings. Bee wings rotate, creating vortices that generate lift no airplane uses.

A bee flies up to 8 km from the hive and returns to within centimeters of the entrance. The toolkit: a sun compass, landmarks, and possibly magnetic sensing.

The honey bee genome was sequenced in 2006. Fewer immunity genes than expected, more olfactory receptors than any insect studied. The implications were big.

Forager bees sleep 5-8 hours per night in consolidated bouts, with antennal drooping and muscle relaxation. Young nurse bees skip sleep - they work 24/7.

Melittin, the main compound in bee venom, destroys cell membranes on contact. Most people swell. About 2% develop systemic reactions. The immunology is wild.

Fanning workers, water carriers, heater bees, and 0.5-degree precision with no thermostat. A colony runs climate control that would impress an HVAC engineer.

A colony surrounded by 10,000 acres of soybeans is starving. Monocultures bloom for two weeks then become a floral desert. Bees need diversity, not volume.

Thousands of drones converge 10-40 meters above the same spot every afternoon. GPS confirms these areas persist for decades. Nobody knows how they find them.

Bees don't build hexagons - they build cylinders. Heat softens wax and surface tension pulls them into hexagons. Proving this geometry optimal took 2,063 years.

Bees don't eat raw pollen - they ferment it. Lactic acid bacteria transform it into bee bread with 3x the nutritional availability. It takes about 3 weeks.

A summer worker bee lives roughly 42 days. She holds six different jobs, each triggered by hormonal shifts. Winter bees live six months doing almost nothing.

Seeley tracked wild colonies in Arnot Forest for 33 years. They survive untreated. Small cavities, high swarming rates, and natural selection explain why.

A queen breeder grafts 12-hour-old larvae into wax cups with a toothpick-sized tool. The industry produces over a million queens a year, mostly in three states.

A swarm of 10,000 bees with no leader chooses the best nest site through a voting system. Scout bees dance for their preferred option until consensus emerges.

Eight core bacterial species colonize every honey bee gut. Disrupt them with antibiotics and the bee becomes vulnerable to pathogens it normally shrugs off.

In 1851, Langstroth measured the gap bees leave between surfaces: 5/16 to 3/8 inch. That measurement made every frame removable and modern beekeeping possible.

Aethina tumida arrived in Florida in 1998 from sub-Saharan Africa. In warm, humid climates, it destroys a colony in two weeks. Cold winters are its only limit.

Melittin destroys cell membranes. Apamin blocks potassium channels. The venom causing anaphylaxis is being tested against cancer, arthritis, and Parkinson's.

The queen produces 500 micrograms of pheromone daily that suppresses 50,000 workers' reproduction. The alarm pheromone is chemically identical to banana oil.

The USDA has bred for Varroa resistance since 1997. VSH bees, Russian bees, Pol-line stock - the genetics work. Scaling them to the industry is the bottleneck.

Nosema ceranae replaced N. apis as the dominant gut parasite in US hives. Fumagillin, the standard treatment, was pulled in the EU. The US still uses it.

A substance so unstable it degrades in 4 hours at room temperature. China produces 90% of supply. Europe rejected the health claims. Market hit $1.67B anyway.

26 Tanzanian queens escaped a Brazilian lab in 1957. Descendants reached Texas by 1990. The 'killer bee' hype was overblown. The management challenges aren't.

Karl von Frisch decoded it in 1945: angle encodes direction relative to the sun, duration encodes distance. A 15-second dance means food 3 km away.

Bees don't hibernate. They cluster and vibrate flight muscles to generate heat. The core stays at 93F. The outer shell drops to 46F. They rotate all winter.

Bees consume 6-8 pounds of honey to produce one pound of wax. That metabolic cost makes beeswax one of the most expensive biological building materials.

Bees collect plant resins and mix them into propolis - a substance with antimicrobial properties lining every hive surface. Their immune system, externalized.

A drone's only job is to mate with a queen. He gets one shot - the act is fatal. By August, the workers drag surviving drones out of the hive to die.

Smoke doesn't calm bees. It triggers a gorging response - they fill their honey stomachs preparing to evacuate. A full bee is less aggressive. That's the trick.